Theory Given that the case study focuses on an Australian MEM representative, I will use the definition of 'ethnic' by Gianni Zappala. Her work has appeared on various digital properties, including USAToday.com. Martin-Woolman Ltd. Home; History; Services. The Great Compromise And The Basics Of Bicameralism, Senate Representation And House Apportionment, Summary of the Institutional Design of Congress, Types Of Representation: Looking Out For Constituents, Collective Representation And Congressional Approval, Summary of House and Senate Organizations, Continue With the Mobile App | Available on Google Play, https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/. 10 Anson Road,#11-20, International Plaza, Singapore-079903. Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. Culture and equality: An egalitarian critique of multiculturalism. In her successful 1970 congressional campaign, Bella Abzug (b) declared, This womans place is in the House the House of Representatives!. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Prescriptive and descriptive theorists differ on their approach to instruction. Defending equality of outcome. Voet, R. (1992). The future of feminism. Comparing two schools within two separate districts instead of simply two schools in the city will add an additional layer of depth to this analysis, in that differences in the districts particular policies can be examined as to whether or not they contribute to the findings. Hollis earned a degree in English Literature from the University of Florida. (Eds. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? Aldershot: Ashgate. . Princeton: Princeton University Press. Because of such instances, today, many political representatives attempt to practice descriptive representation which promotes racial unity. Rawls, J. Racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 90 percent of the population growth in the United States from 2000 to 2010, and the United States is rapidly becoming even more diverse. Related; Information; Close Figure Viewer. A Contingent Yes. The findings of Mansbridges article, in sum, suggest that the benefits of descriptive representation should exceed the costs, it is not always needed, and it should be applied in an environment easy to change, fluid and dynamic in nature. Acceptability: Such a report is acceptable to busy persons because it easily highlights the theme of the report. The purpose of this study is to examine the consequences of the level of descriptive representation of women in the National Parliament (NP) and European Parliament (EP) on the substantive representation of women. Weldon, L. S. (2002). The closest comparative system would be the representative republic, such as used in the United States. Emerald: Bingley. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. How Do Parliamentarians Define Descriptive Representation? Young, I. M. (1990). For example, although more than half the U.S. population is female, only 20 percent of Congress is. Gives others the ability to learn and develop new skills 3. The mission of the fellowship is to support and advance academic and practitioner-scholars in their gender-related research. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of descriptive research. The Journal of Politics, 64(4), 11531174. Among them is Nancy Pelosi who became the Speaker of the House in the Eleventh Congress and James Clyburn, an African-American who served as Majority Whip. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. 1. A contingent yes. These descriptive representations reflect the laws of nature, the system, or logical constraints for the design of the product. 2. Making your pros and cons list objectively can help weigh each pro and con against the others. By making the decision-making process more . The data from a descriptive research project can be collected from one person or a small group of people. Representing consumer institutions: The case of American health planning. In each case, we find that in a given Congress, legislators are around 6-9 percentage points more likely to contact federal agencies on behalf of constituents with whom they share background char-acteristics, when compared to their nonveteran, male, or white . Stella M. Rouse is assistant professor of government and politics at University of MarylandCollege Park. For example, you work for a television station and want to understand your viewers better. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Descriptive studies include case reports, case-series, qualitative studies and surveys (cross-sectional) studies, which measure the frequency of several factors, and hence the size of the problem. Democratic legitimacy. Like Mink, many other women sought and won political office, many with the help of the NWPC. 1. A complete Idea: Such representation creates a clear and complete idea in the mind of the audience. This article will briefly describe each of these methods, their advantages, and their drawbacks. (pp. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Berkeley: University of California Press. We would say that a black constituent is descriptively represented when she has a black member of Congress, regardless of whether that member of Congress . Caption. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. Krizsan, A., Skjeie, H., & Squires, J. that is one example, One of their most vital discoveries was that distinction in wrongdoing rates crosswise over territories did not change with changes in the populace yet remained steady crosswise over time. The family has visited numerous places throughout the United States, however, none are as memorable as Atlanta, Georgia. Various reasons clarify why this is. In the first place, learning of our neighbors gives us the inclination that we must keep an eye out for them. Studies of the representation of minority interests in the era following the enactment The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). Professionals often use descriptive statistics to communicate simple trends within a data set. \(\overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=} \). It doesn't answer the question "why", which makes it limited and won't come up with the cause and effect of a research topic. A major reason is that until well into the twentieth century, white men of European background constituted an overwhelming majority of the voting population. It is great to see people who feel like they are finally getting the representation they deserve. Using an analytical tool such as a pros-and-cons list emphasizes the objective, "just the facts" side of decision making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. While this is an enormous step, indicative of progression, corrupt politicians many times can use such incentives to implement manipulative and unscrupulous tactics to gain support from minority groups. At one time, there was relatively little concern about descriptive representation in Congress. Main Research Question. Hernes, H., & Skjeie, H. (1997). MMP will give voters more power in their decisions as well as create the kind of democratic government Canada is in dire need of. Roemer, J. Moreover, to date, few minority legislators have been elected from districts that do not contain a high percentage of minority constituents. Proportional representation is a complicated form of election. Democracy and disagreement. It is an Efficient Form of Government. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. 2. Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. A software life cycle model is a descriptive representation of the software development cycle. Multicultural citizenship. If you are doing a comparison between two products, you might give one product an unfair advantage to get the desired results. Goodin (2004) highlights that there is a tension between including members from different groups and subgroups on the one hand, and the practical ability to debate in the legislature thus rob them of the possibility of substantively represent their particular subgroup. Pages 491-507. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the what is of a topic. (1993) have developed a system consisting of a propositional and depictorial partonomy (organization of parts) for reasoning, where the depictorial partonomy reflects the hierarchy proposed in representations for visual processes. Is the ideal of deliberative democracy coherent? ), Deliberative systems: Deliberative democracy at the large scale. Profiles: Google Scholar, Dataverse, OSF, R-Forge, Mastodon, YouTube, Libra.unine.ch, (Figshare), (SSRN), (Kudos). European Journal of Political Research, 32, 1852010. Descriptive representation A belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in such key demographic characteristics as race, gender, ethnicity, or religion Racial gerrymandering The drawing of a legislative district to maximize th chance that a minority candidate will win the election Veto Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Politics & Gender, 1(4), 622637. Namely, the institutional design of the state legislature matters in terms of electoral responsiveness, with Florida and New Mexico the most responsive, and New York and the U.S. House the least responsive to the election of Latino legislators. Representation is crucial for democracy: good representation helps to increase re-sponsiveness, foster electoral turnout, increase political interest and include minori-ties. There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Why democracy? While descriptive statistics describe data, inferential statistics allows you to make predictions from data. CrossRef This article is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. 3. 9. The Pros and Cons of Writing Description. The predominant theory that descriptive representation improves a constituent's relationship with the state (Mansbridge 1999) has led to the study of how sharing a salient identity with one's representative positively affects attitudes toward government.In particular, political science has examined the effect of descriptive representation on political efficacy, a measure of trust and sense . While descriptive statistics are used to present raw data in an accurate way, inferential statistics are used to apply inferences derived from a data sample to the larger data population. From class actions to Miss Saigon. Peter, F. (2011). Feminizing politics. In this contribution we distinguish the substantive and the descriptive approach of representation. Enter your library card number to sign in. descriptive representation is the extent to which a representative or legislative body resembles a given constituent and her social or demographic identities. 4. In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. During this time more than ever, African Americans are able to speak on subjects that can affect us in the future. Perhaps the strongest argument for descriptive research is the fact that it offers well-rounded support for a thesis. Conclusion. Letters can be written to their representatives. The contention is that such similarity in success prospects requires social and economic redistribution and not only anti-discrimination and equal treatment (what Rawls refers to as formal equal opportunities). It is also known as the linear sequential model. For discussions of gender quotas in corporate boards, see, for example, Engelstad and Teigen (2012). I'm not sure what the pros and cons are of labelling all or only some such statistics as inferential. therefore, it is used by various industries Equal outcomes on an individual level would have implied that each and every individual got the same bundle of goods and burdens in question. This advantage makes it possible to determine if outcomes are viable. Guinier, L. (1994). Princeton: Princeton University Press. A table lists data in columns. Inspection; Surface Mount; Test; Through-Hole; Menu Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. NORA Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 8(2), 6377. Toggle navigation. In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. Descriptive representation is hotly contested. Register or login to receive notifications when there's a reply to your comment or update on this information. In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. Pros. In Y. Galligan (Ed. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. Fraser, N. (2003). My examination of hearing transcripts from the 107th Congress indicates that minority legislators are more likely than white legislators to participate in racial-oversight hearings but not more likely than whites to participate in social welfare hearings. A vast literature debates the efficacy of descriptive representation in legislatures. Weak coalition government:Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. Once you have this descriptive research, you can use it to focus your next ad campaign to the right clientele. (2014). 518). In this way, it couldn't just be that distinctive individuals lived in the high-wrongdoing territories than in the low-wrongdoing zones. Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? Confidentiality is the primary weakness of descriptive research. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Democratic authority: A philosophical framework. The results show that descriptive representation contributes to substantive representation, even if the costs of participating outweigh the electoral benefits. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Methodological essentialism, false difference, and other dangerous traps. Quantitativist. Journal of Political Philosophy, 12(1), 119. Swiss-Subsaharan Africa Migration Inaugural call, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123404000134, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies. Gutmann, A., & Thompson, D. (1996). This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. For example, Patsy Mink (D-HI), the first Asian American woman elected to Congress, was the coauthor of the Education Amendments Act of 1972, Title IX of which prohibits sex discrimination in education. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. The descriptive characteristics of a representative can lull voters into thinking their substantive interests are being represented even when this is not the case. 1. The descriptive representation of gender: An anti-essentialist argument. Should Congress Look Like America? (2005). 2. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Vibert, F. (2007). Summarize a large amount of data in a visual, easily interpretable form Make trends easier to highlight than tables do it helps in studying patterns over long period of time it is used to compare data sets. State feminism and political representation. View all access and purchase options for this article. The imaginary domain: Abortion, pornography and sexual harassment. The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. Today, EMILYs List, a PAC founded in 1985 to help elect pro-choice Democratic women to office, plays a major role in fundraising for female candidates. List of the Cons of Proportional Representation 1. The electoral advantage of the incumbents presents a stumbling block on the advancement of new groups into the institution. Phillips, A. Shaw and McKay created common complication hypothesis to explain variety crosswise over neighborhoods. Youve probably heard readers make that comment. A theory of justice. Should representatives be typical of their constituents? : LOCAL DESCRIPTIVE REPRESENTATION, Do Gender Quotas Work? A., & Marmor, T. R. (1981). Swift, A. Use descriptive statistics to summarize and graph the data for a group that you choose. The changing nature of European equality regimes. Pitkin, H. F. (1972). Fleurbaey, M. (1995). We use cookies and similar technologies to ensure our website works properly, personalize your browsing experience, analyze how you use our website, and deliver relevant ads to you. This is the conceptual view of the end product, whatever the owner can think about relative to its use. Because it relies on such a range of different methods, it is considered a holistic approach to a subject. London: Sage. (1993). This research could include the information on the raw numbers of people who buy the product, the demographics of the end user and the focus groups that ask for consumer feedback on the product. Mink had been interested in fighting discrimination in education since her youth, when she opposed racial segregation in campus housing while a student at the University of Nebraska. https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, CC BY. Accountability and political representation of national minorities: a forgotten link? Descriptive Representation Descriptive representation refers to the election of racial and ethnic minor-ity members to policymaking bodies (Pitkin 1967). The actual empirical variation and the detailed characteristics of state feminism around the globe are different matters and not the topic of this chapter. The simplest example of this point, which is critical for an understanding of how languages function as representational systems, is the famous traffic lights example. Lovenduski, J. Descriptive statistics describe a sample. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. I argue that race and ethnicity matter in congressional oversight of bureaucratic policymaking. Purpose. The concept of representation. Discrimination has not fallen short in any way and continues to build barriers for many people of color. Implicit Standards for Evaluating Representatives . Traveling is one of my familys favorite things to do. Sawer, M. (2002). Justice and the politics of difference. In B. Grofman et al. PR potentially offers greater and more-representative choice for voters. Yet, demographically speaking, Congress as a whole is still a long way from where the country is and remains largely white, male, and wealthy. We're sorry, but in order to log in and use all the features of this website, you will need to enable JavaScript in your browser. The three that we visit on every trip to Atlanta are Six Flags, Stone Mountain, and the Atlanta Aquarium. Young, I. M. (1994). Tannen, D. (1994). ), Representation and redistricting issues. Pros & Cons of Existential Counseling . When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. As one Black representative to the U.S. Congress told Carol Swain, "One of the advantages, and disadvantages, of representing blacks is their shameless loyalty to their incumbents. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Conservatives and right-wing liberals have traditionally opposed it, while left-wing political parties and social movements often regard quotas for marginalized groups as decisive progressive measures in struggles for democracy and justice.

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