Normally, aviation training aspires to a level of learning at the application level or higher, Standards are closely tied to objectives since they include a description of the desired knowledge, behavior, or skill stated in specific terms, along with conditions and criteria. Predictions are that more and more learning will take place via e-learning, E-learning is now used for training at many different levels. For example, a student pilot may enroll in a private pilot certificate course, and upon completion of all course requirements, be awarded a graduation certificate. The traditional organization of a lesson plan is introduction, development, and conclusion, The introduction sets the stage for everything to come. This actually gives the instructor more time for one-on-one teaching. In general, if a two-dimensional representation will satisfy the instructors requirement, it should be used, Test preparation material applies to an array of paper, video, and computer software products that are designed by commercial publishers to help student applicants prepare for FAA tests. Many of the limitations of the overhead projector are also true of the opaque projector, CDs and DVDs are todays popular video instructional aids. Go back to and try again", Interactive CDs and DVDs solve one of the main problems of passive video in that it increases involvement of the student in the learning process. If it is a classroom presentation, the student may be asked to explain the new material. Research indicates that students completing cooperative learning group tasks tend to have higher test scores, higher self-esteem, improved social skills, and greater comprehension of the subjects they are studying. Criterion validity means that the completion standards for the test are reflective of acceptable standards, For example, in flight training, content validity is reflected by a particular maneuver closely mimicking a maneuver required in actual flight, such as the student pilot being able to recover from a power-off stall. (1) Holds a flight instructor certificate or ground instructor certificate issued under this part; (2) Holds a teacher's certificate issued by a State, county, city, or municipality that authorizes the person to teach at an educational level of the 7th grade or higher; or (3) Is employed as a teacher at an accredited college or university. They are easy to construct and can be produced in the same manner as pictures. [Figure 4-1]. This might be someone saying, "But, what if ?" It will be even more significant in the future, Computer technology continues to advance in quantum leaps, challenging traditional ways of teaching. nira rodeo standings 2021 10, Jun, 2022. country mart warsaw, mo weekly ad; We've gotten all sophisticated over the years and refer to that sort of thing as flight maneuvering tasks. For example, it is better to ask "Why does an aircraft normally require a longer takeoff run at Denver than at New Orleans?" save a lot closing list 2020; jacques torres parents names. Drawing on previously discussed theoretical knowledge, this chapter discusses specific recommendations on how to use this information to teach aviation students, Teaching is to instruct or train someone, or the profession of someone who teaches. Instructional aids are not selfsupporting; they support, supplement, or reinforce what is being taught. Normally, students should not be asked to discuss a subject without some background in that subject, The techniques used to guide a discussion require practice and experience. This change is measurable and therefore can be assessed, Assessment of learning is a complex process and it is important to be clear about the purposes of the assessment. By symbolizing the factors involved, it is even possible to visualize abstract relationships, Instructors are frequently asked to teach more and more in a smaller time frame. The most stressful aspect of becoming a flight instructor is usually passing . An instructor should write performance-based objectives to fit the desired outcome of the lesson. Instructors should also try to prepare students for viewing CD/DVD programs by telling them what to watch carefully, what is important or, possibly, what is incorrect. Once again, open-ended "what if" problems encourage the students an opportunity to develop HOTS, A case study is a written or oral account of a real world situation that contains a message that educates the student. The willingness to look for ways to match student learning styles to personal instructional style is another element of effective instruction, A subject matter expert (SME) is a person who possesses a high level of expertise, knowledge, or skill in a particular area. Effective instructors also display enthusiasm for their subject matter and express themselves clearly. This is a useful technique for displaying dial indications or fitting several parts of a component together so relative motion can be simulated, With any projection equipment, instructors should ensure the projector does not obstruct the students line of sight. For an instructor who tends to ramble, notes are a must because they help keep the lecture on track. Likewise, it would be unfair to expect a maintenance student to safely and properly perform a compression check on an aircraft engine if the student received only e-learning, Along with the many types of e-learning, there are a variety of terms used to describe the educational use of the computer. Many of these items are suitable for long-term use on bulletin boards and in briefing areas. [Figure 4-8], In the teaching lecture, simple rather than complex words should be used whenever possible. The training record can be reviewed and the students training status easily assessed in case the student transfers to another school or instructor, Another example of enhanced, instructor-oriented material for pilot training is a maneuvers guide or handbook which includes the PTS as an integral part of the description of maneuvers and procedures. The instructor needs to keep up with the discussion and know when to intervene with questions or redirect the groups focus. The instructor should consider that the student may neither believe nor understand any point without the use of testimony from SMEs or without meaningful examples, statistics, or comparisons. Effective case studies require the student to use critical thinking skills, An excellent source of real-world case studies for flight instructors can be found at the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) where descriptions of more than 140,000 aviation accidents are located. Picturesque slang and free-and-easy colloquialisms, if they suit the subject, can add variety and vividness to a teaching lecture. Use of these questions and projects as part of the syllabus helps an instructor ensure that all subject areas for a particular class have been covered, There are many ways to incorporate design features in training materials in order to facilitate regulatory compliance, required endorsements, and recordkeeping. Usually the instructor has to interrupt the students efforts for corrections and further demonstrations. Terms such as "knowledge of " and "awareness of " cannot be measured very well, and words like this should be avoided. An aviation instructor needs to remember he or she is teaching a pilot or technician who should: Develop and exercise good judgment in making decisions, Adhere to prudent operating practices and personal operating parameters, and, Adhere to applicable laws and regulations. The effectiveness of the instructional aid is critical for this process. Also as mentioned earlier, discussion involves critical thinking skill. It normally includes statements of objectives, descriptions of teaching aids, definitions of assessment criteria, and indications of desired outcome, A determination of objectives and standards is necessary before any important instruction can be presented. Review and assessment are integral parts of each classroom, and/or flight lesson. Effective use of drill and practice revolves around knowing what skill is being developed. End users of the aircraft, such as the major airlines, can purchase the training materials with the aircraft in order to accomplish both initial and recurrent training of their personnel. Continental Flight 1943 was the only DC-9 to land gear up at KIAH in 1996. This, coupled with an inattentive viewing style, can diminish the instructional value of the CD or DVD, As is true for any instructional aid, instructors need to follow some basic guidelines when using CDs and DVDs. It is important to remember that a training delivery method is rarely used by itself. Revisions and alterations are easier to make at that time than after their completion. Immediately thereafter, the instructor should have the student attempt to perform the maneuver, coaching as necessary. Early in a lesson that is to include demonstration and performance, the instructor should identify the most important learning outcomes. [Figure 4-2] This topic is discussed in detail in Chapter 5, Assessment, While many of the characteristics of effective instructors discussed in the previous paragraphs hold true for any instructor, the aviation instructor has the added responsibility of molding an aviation citizena pilot or maintenance technician the instructor feels confident will be an asset to the rest of the aviation community. The primary consideration in the lecture method, as in all other teaching methods, is the achievement of desired learning outcomes. Telling a story or a joke that is not related in some way to the subject distracts from the lesson. At the same time, it must be realized that a formal lecture is still to be preferred on some subjects and occasions, such as lectures introducing new subject matter, The instructor can achieve active student participation in the informal lecture through the use of questions. At times, instructors may feel that they are doing more one-on-one instruction than in a normal classroom setting, but repetitive forms of teaching may be accomplished by computer. Well-designed interactive video, when properly used, is highly effective as an instructional aid. As sources for access to information expand, the possibilities for distance learning increases, While e-learning has many training advantages, it also has limitations which can include the lack of peer interaction and personal feedback, depending on what method of e-learning is used. All lettering and illustrations must be large enough to be seen easily by the students farthest from the aids. When properly used, they help gain and hold the attention of students. Even airline simulator programs require tailoring and hands-on interaction with a human instructor. On the other hand, CAL is a useful tool for aviation instructors. Major advantages of CAL are that students can progress at a rate which is comfortable for them and are often able to access the CAL at their own convenience, Another benefit of CAL is the test prep study guides, useful for preparation for the FAA knowledge tests. There are three stages of action. The introduction consists of three elements: attention, motivation, and overview. The behavior can be physical and overt, or it can be intellectual or attitudinal." [Figure 4-4], The description of the skill or behavior explains the desired outcome of the instruction. Sequencing also can be enhanced simply by using overlays on transparencies, stripping techniques on charts and chalk or marker boards, and by imaginative use of magnetic boards. azure resource types list The 250 hours of flying required to take the exams must take place in an actual cockpit. For instance, scale replicas are often very expensive. To encourage enthusiasm and stimulate discussion, the instructor should create a relaxed, informal atmosphere. While test preparation materials may be effective in preparing students for FAA tests, the danger is that students may learn to pass a given test, but fail to learn other critical information essential to safe piloting and maintenance practices. For example, voicerecognition technology, which lets computers accept spoken rather than keyed input, is highly effective for technical training, Miniature electro-optical devices allow computer-aided information to be projected electronically on sunglass-style eye wear which is connected to a lightweight, belt mounted computer. Blocks for instructor endorsements also may be included at appropriate points. Remember, a good inflight scenario is more than an hour of flight time; it is also a learning experience. The instructor bases this assessment on the learner's ability to demonstrate consistent proficiency on a number of flight maneuvers. Every time practice occurs, learning continues. All instructors who use test preparation publications should stress that these materials are not designed as stand-alone learning tools. The flight instructor serves as the link between dreaming of a career in the sky and becoming a skilled pilot. The examiner also is required to assign a practical project from each subject area. This results in considerable one-on-one instructor-student interaction. Teaching methods or training delivery methods are discussed, as well as the use of instructional aids, In education, a course of training is a complete series of studies leading to attainment of a specific goal. If Class D, E, and G airspace are the only airspace types being utilized by a student, save the discussion of A, B, and C airspace until they have operating familiarity with the other types. In addition, the Certificated Flight Instructor (CFI) needs to remember he or she is teaching a pilot who should: Seek proficiency in control of the aircraft. These programs typically allow the students to select a test, complete the questions, and find out how they did on the test. Finally, lectures may be combined with other teaching methods to give added meaning and direction, The lecture method of teaching needs to be very flexible since it may be used in different ways. The chalk or marker board is a widely used tool for instructors. A reverse question is a question asked by a learner and the instructor returns the question to the same learner for response. Major airlines have highlevel flight simulators that are so realistic that transitioning crews meet all qualifications in the flight simulator. For example, the instructors voice, printed text, video cassettes, interactive computer programs, part-task trainers, flight training devices, or flight simulators, and numerous other types of training devices are considered training media, In school settings, instructors may become involved in the selection and preparation of instructional aids, but they often are already in place. Improper pilot decisions cause a significant percentage of all accidents, and the majority of fatal accidents in light single- and twin-engine aircraft. During a classroom session, the instructor should provide students with an overview of the presentation before showing it. The scenario may not have one right or one wrong answer, which reflects situations faced in the real world. With searchand-find features incorporated, a CD or DVD is a powerful information source. This, coupled with culturally diverse backgrounds of todays students, makes it necessary for instructors to be precise in their choice of terminology. Obviously, an explanation of elaborate equipment may require detailed schematics or mock-ups, but less complex equipment may lend itself to only basic shapes or figures. If the instructor sees puzzled expressions, denoting that the students do not understand the question, it should be rephrased in a slightly different form. Taking physical or mental flight is a defense mechanism students use when they A. lose interest during the advanced stages of training. It is actually a learned capability, which may be defined as knowledge, a skill, or an attitude. An effective instructor possesses a strong motivation to teach, as well as a positive attitude toward learning. Next, explain and demonstrate the steps involved in performing the skill being taught. Since each teaching situation is unique, the setting and purpose of the lesson determines which teaching method is used, Todays instructor can choose from a wealth of ways to present instructional material: lecture, discussion, guided discussion, problem based, group learning, demonstrationperformance, or e-learning. The teaching process consists of four steps: preparation, presentation, application, and assessment. An instructor should also be patient and give students a chance to react. [Figure 4-5] The FAA frequently reviews the test items in an attempt to maintain their validity in the current aviation environment. The area of the picture or object is limited to approximately 10 inches by 10 inches, Items which may be projected are practically limitless. More information on enhanced training materials is presented in chapter 6, Traditional aids in this group include slides, filmstrips, and transparencies for overhead projection. Refer to Chapter 6, Planning Instructional Activity, for detailed information on requirements for an aviation training syllabus and the building-block concept for curriculum development, The main concern of the instructor is usually the more manageable task of organizing a block of training with integrated lesson plans. The student may then conduct a review of questions missed, Some of the more advanced CAL applications allow students to progress through a series of interactive segments where the presentation varies as a result of their responses. When practical, they should encourage student participation. Then, allow students time to practice each step, so they can increase their ability to perform the skill. Developing good problems that motivate, focus, and initiate student learning are an important component of PBL. For example, the student controls the pace of instruction, reviews previous material, jumps forward, and receives instant feedback. The human mind rarely retains, evaluates, and applies new concepts or practices after a single exposure. For this instructor, effective management of the classroom promotes learning. discussions provide the student with increased exposure to proper decision-making, From the description of guided discussion, it is obvious this method works best in a group situation, but it can be modified for an interactive one-on-one learning situation. The instructor has better control of the situation, can change the approach to meet any contingency, and can tailor each idea to suit the responses of the students. With this setup, the physical facility is usually referred to as a learning center or training center. If students wish to learn about a particular area, they do so by clicking the mouse on a particular portion of the screen. As discussed in Chapter 1, Human Behavior, the average age of aviation students is 34 years old. Establish a specific lesson objective with desired learning outcomes. It can be a stand-alone software program that takes a learner from lecture to exam or it can be an interactive web-based course of instruction that involves a mixture of mandatory class attendance with e-mail discussions and assignments. Although lecture and demonstration-performance may be the methods used most often, being aware of other methods and teaching tools such as guided discussion, cooperative learning, and computerassisted learning better prepares an instructor for a wide variety of teaching situations, Obviously, the aviation instructor is the key to effective teaching. Three types of problem-based instruction are discussed: scenario based, collaborative problem-solving, and case study, SBT uses a highly structured script of real-world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment. The following practices are fundamental in the use of the chalk or marker board: Keep chalk, markers, erasers, cleaning cloths, rulers, and related items readily available to avoid interruption of the presentation, Organize and practice the chalk or marker board presentation in advance, Write or draw large enough for everyone in the group to see, Leave a margin around the material and sufficient space between lines of copy so the board is not overcrowded, Make only one point at a time. The following information provides a framework for successfully conducting the guided discussion, A guided discussion lesson is introduced in the same manner as the lecture. In education, the collaborative problem-solving method combines collaboration with problem solving when the instructor provides a problem to a group who then solves it. In the second, the instructor observes the pilots' behavior during the simulation, gives feedback if necessary and evaluates their skills. This type of problem encourages the development of HOTS, which include cognitive processes such as problem solving and decision-making, as well as the cognitive skills of analysis, synthesis and evaluation. HOTS should be taught throughout the curriculum from simple to complex and from concrete to abstract, Determine learning outcomes for the problem, Consider additional solutions through guided discovery, Reevaluate solution with additional options, Reflect on this solution and why it is the best solution, Consider what "best" means (is it situational), While there are many variations as to how a problem-based lesson might work, it usually involves an incentive or need to solve the problem, a decision on how to find a solution, a possible solution, an explanation for the reasons used to reach that solution, and then reflection on the solution.

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